Energy & Markets: Brent jumped more than 4% to above $97 after Iran’s attacks on Israel and renewed worries around the Strait of Hormuz. Oil Policy: OPEC+ approved a fourth straight July output quota increase of 188,000 bpd, but analysts say it may be mostly symbolic while the strait remains effectively blocked—Kazakhstan is among the seven core members. Aviation: Air Astana will resume Dubai flights from Almaty (from June 20) and from Astana (from July 10), routing via Pakistan due to Iranian airspace closure; Cathay Pacific also plans direct Almaty flights from early 2027. Tenge & Rates: National Bank chairman Timur Suleimenov said base-rate cuts won’t weaken the tenge, pointing to the 17% base rate’s appeal and stronger oil/metal prices. Business & Investment: Freedom Holding flagged Kazakhstan’s tax reform as a risk in a U.S. SEC filing, while an Investor Rights Protection Committee under the Prosecutor General says it is helping investors across 3,000+ projects worth over 100 trillion tenge. Tech & Industry: HKEX signed MoUs with Kazakhstan’s AIFC and AIX to boost capital-market links; Hyundai Engineering won a Kazakhstan gas processing plant award.